The television

The invention with the biggest impact was probably the television. It was invented by a Scottish man, John Logie Baird. The first televised pictures were sent over a short distance in 1924, and his invention was formally demonstrated at the Royal Institute two years later. The pictures on the screen were not clear, but the viewers could see that they were human faces, and they could see their eyes opening and closing. In 1928, images were sent from Britain to America, and later, to a ship 1,500 miles out to sea. In the same year, the first colour images were sent. The first ‘seeing-in sets’ were sold that same year. For £25 (£1000 in today’s money), people in their homes could watch moving images that were sent from a broadcasting station.

The fridge

Another invention that became popular in the 1920s was the home refrigerator. People used different ways to keep food cool and fresh long before the 1900s, but home fridges weren’t invented until 1913 in the USA. Home fridges became very popular in the USA in the 1920s. Sales of the popular ‘Frigidaire’ model increased from 5,000 in 1921 to 750,000 in 1926. British people were less interested in fridges than Americans. They thought that they were unnecessary because the weather in Britain was cooler. But fridges were heavily advertised, and their advantages were described in detail. Soon, more fridges were sold, and the price decreased.

The polygraph

Another interesting invention of the 1920s was the polygraph, or lie detector. It was invented in 1921 by a Californian policeman, John Larson. He used the ideas of other psychologists to make a machine that measured people’s heart rate, breathing and blood pressure while they were asked questions. The experts believed that sudden changes in these measurements showed that someone was lying. Although this invention is well-known, it can’t really detect lies. Marston tried to use measurements from his polygraph in a court case in 1923, but they weren’t accepted as evidence and never have been since then. However, polygraphs are still used by some police forces and the FBI because many people believe they work, so they tell the truth to avoid the machine.

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• You have completed this test.Correct answers: 7/10.Your score is 70%.Check your answers: 1When television images were first transmitted, viewers didn’t know exactly what the image was.
  • a. True
  • b. Falsecorrect
  2The television was demonstrated at the Royal Institute in 1926.
  • a. Truecorrect
  • b. False
  3Colour images were not possible until after the 1920s.
  • a. Truewrong
  • b. Falsecorrect
  4Television images were first sent across the Atlantic Ocean in 1928.
  • a. Truecorrect
  • b. Falsewrong
  5People could buy television sets in the 1920s.
  • a. Truecorrect
  • b. False
  6Home refrigerators were invented in the 1920s.
  • a. True
  • b. Falsecorrect
  7Fridges became popular in the USA before they were popular in the UK.
  • a. Truecorrect
  • b. False
  8Some psychologists helped John Larson to build his invention.
  • a. True
  • b. Falsecorrect
  9On some occasions, lie detectors have been used as evidence in court.
  • a. True
  • b. Falsecorrect
  10Today, lie detectors are never used by the police.
  • a. Truewrong
  • b. Falsecorrect

IX, p. 173

a) 1. Why don’t you know these words? – I am sorry. Unfortunately I couldn’t revise them yesterday. 2. Didn’t you go to/attend the lecture on Literature yesterday? Can’t you go to the country with them? 4. Haven’t you heard that Dmitry Petrov has left/is away? 5. Doesn’t your daughter go to school? – No, she is too little/young. 6. Why can’t you answer my question? Shall I repeat it? Yes please, I didn’t hear/catch it.

b) 1. If you don’t know some words, I can help you (to) translate the sentence. 2. Do you know that Dmitry Petrov speaks several foreign languages? 3. If you often go to the library, you must know Valentin Smirnov because he works there. 4. Don’t you know that there are many/a lot of mistakes in your dictation again? 5. When my son does his home-work in the evening, he makes a lot of mistakes. 6. Don’t take this book if you think that it is too difficult for you. 7. I am always glad when I get/receive letters from my friends.

IX. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.

1. I’m hurrying to the Institute. My friend’s going to give a talk on English History and I want to listen to him. 2. “What’s the matter with you?” “I feel I’ve got a temperature and I can’t even talk to you. I must see my doctor.” 3. “How do I get to your brother’s?” “I think you can get there by bus. Hurry up. I’m afraid you are late already.” 4. Why do you always forget to put all these books back in their places after you have used them? 5. I wanted to talk to/with him about the lecture when I saw him at the trolley-bus stop, but I forgot. 6. He always makes notes of all the lectures. If you want to use his notes, talk to/with him about it. 7. What is he afraid of? 8. I had an interesting talk with them. I was sorry you were not there. 9. “Shall we meet at my place?” “What time?.

VI p. 172 I could not go to the theatre with them last night, I had to revise the grammar rules and the words for the test. Ես երեկ երեկոյան չէի կարող նրանց հետ թատրոն գնալ: Ինձ պետք էր, բայց պետք էր կրկնել քերականական կանոններն ու բառերը վերահսկողության համար:2.My friend lives a long way from his office 2. and must (has to) get up early. Իմ ընկերը աշխատանքից հեռու է ապրում և ստիպված է շուտ արթնանալ. 3. All of us must be in time for classes. Մենք բոլորս պետք է ժամանակին հասնենք դասերին:4. When my friend has his English, he has (got) to stay at the office after work. He doesn’t have to/hasn’t got to/needn’t stay at the office on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday and can get home early. Երբ ընկերս անգլերենի դասեր ունի, աշխատանքից հետո նա ստիպված է մնալ գրասենյակում: Երեքշաբթի, հինգշաբթի և շաբաթ օրերին նա ստիպված չէ մնալ աշխատանքից հետո և կարող է շուտ տուն գնալ. 5. Do you have to/have you got to work hard to do well in your English? Դուք պետք է շատ աշխատեք, որպեսզի լավ տիրապետեք անգլերենին:6. “Shall we discuss this question now?” “No, we needn’t. We can do it tomorrow afternoon.” Մենք կքննարկենք այս ընթացքում կորեկ հիմա?”Ոչ, պարտադիր չէ. Մենք կարող ենք դա անել վաղը կեսօրին”. 7. I’m glad you have been able to come. Ուրախ եմ, որ կարողացաք գալ. 8. “Will you be able to come and have dinner with us tomorrow?” “I’d love to” * Դուք կարող եք գալ վաղը մեզ հետ ճաշելու:””Հաճույքով“. 9. “Please send them this article” “Oh, must I do it now?””Խնդրում եմ, եկեք նրանց այս հոդվածը “” արդյոք ես հիմա անպայման պետք է դա անեմ :հոդված “” արդյոք ես անպայման պետք է դա անեմ հիմա:

VII p. 172 Yesterday I had to answer all these letters. 2. Must we write the dictation today? Yes, tomorrow we are begin- ning/are going to begin a new lesson. 3. Shall I ask/invite Ann to dinner too? Yes, please. 4. Did you have to stay at home because the weather was bad? 5. You must come and see our son. – I’d love to. 6. Shall I take Nick out for a walk now? – No, you needn’t. You know that he must go to bed at three (o’clock). 7. I don’t like to go to bed late, but I some- times have to. 8. I am glad that I didn’t have to finish this work yesterday. 9. You should go and see/You should visit your friend. He missed a lesson yesterday. 10. Why didn’t you come? – I couldn’t, I had to take my children to a/the doc- tor. 11. You don’t have to go (You needn’t go) to the library, we have got a lot of books at home and you can take any you like. 12. He shouldn’t wake us up so early.

III. Проанализируйте следующие слова, определите, и какой части речи они относится, и переведите их на русский язык.

underground -ստորգետնյա -ածական

certainly -իհարկե-մակբայ

motherhood մայրություն-գոյական

conversation քնարկում-գոյական

temperature ջերմություն-գոյական

highly ավելի բարձր-մակդիր

summary ամփոփ -գոյական

lately-ուշ -վերջերս-մակդիր

flowery-ծաղկուն-ածական

talker-խոսող-գոյական

hurriedly-դժվար-մակդիր

evening-school-երեկոյան դպրոց-գոյական

6-րդ վարժ,

It usually takes me an hour to get to the office.

It took him ten days to read this book.

It always takes her twenty minutes to have breakfast.

How long did it take you to do your homework? ինչա ao-do  

VII. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.

How long does it usually take me/you to get up, wash and dress? 2. How long did it take us/you to discuss the ques- tion yesterday? 3. How long has it taken me/you to read these notes? 4. How long did it take them to get there by car?